Below are the launchers error codes. In most cases when the launcher flares up an error, it will give you a code to go off. You look those up here.
Error C01: Could not find DSLauncher's configuration file
DSLauncher's configuration file is missing. This can only result from a corrupted installation. Reinstallating Discovery is recommended.
Error C02: DSLauncher configuration corrupted
Your DSLauncher configuration file holds invalid data. Only manual editing of launcherconfig.xml can cause this error.
Error C03: DSLauncher could not create a default account file.
DSLauncher doesn't have permissions to create a blank accounts file in "My Documents/My Games/Discovery". Ensure DSLauncher is started as administrator.
Error C04: DSLauncher could not load the account file.
Your account file is corrupted. The error message will provide you guidance as to what field is corrupted. Manually deleting the account from the file or completely deleting the file will solve this error. The file is located in "My Documents/My Games/Discovery".
Error C05: DSLauncher could not load an account. It no longer exists or is corrupted.
This is most common to occur when you delete an account that was marked as a favourite or recent account and the launcher did not clear it for some reason. Otherwise that account probably has malformed data and is broken.
Error C06: DSLauncher could not save the config file.
This should only ever happen if there are permission issues when trying to save, or somewhere along the lines some data became corrupted. It's probably worth getting in touch with this one, because it's pretty rare.
Error C07: DSLauncher could not save the launcher accounts.
This one is very similar to above, and is most likely caused by permission issues or corruption. If it's the former, make sure that the file is currently open anywhere and the launcher has write permissions, then try again. If it's the latter, it's best to make a report.
Error C08: DSLauncher could create an account backup.
This one is almost certainly a permission issue. Make sure that the file is currently open anywhere and the launcher has write permissions, then try again.
Error F01: DSLauncher could not contact the patch server.
This error will happen if your computer cannot reach the patch server. Either your internet is under heavy stress/down or the patching server is down. If you can browse the forums, then it's probably not down.
Error F02: An error has occurred while parsing the content of the patch list file.
This can be one of two things. Either a dev messed up the patch list, at which point everyone has the problem, or you are using an old launcher / old patch server. If this is the case, reinstalling should fix this in 90% of instances.
Error I01: The launcher failed to import a Discovery account.
This is pretty rare. It should only really happen if someone has manually tinkered with the launcher account file.
Error L01: Could not find Freelancer.exe
Freelancer.exe is missing. This error is extremely unlikely to happen and can only result from a corrupted installation. Reinstalling Discovery is recommended.
Error L02: Could not start Freelancer.exe
Something on your computer is preventing you from starting the Freelancer process. Providing Administrator rights to Freelancer.exe will most of the time solve the issue. Adding an exception to your antivirus can be a potential solution as well.
Error L03: DSAce.dll is missing.
Add an exception to your antivirus and reinstall.
Error L04: Unable to terminate Freelancer process.
The launcher was unable to terminate a Freelancer process. This usually means the process is either already closed or the launcher lacks permissions to do so.
Error P01: Error occurred while downloading a patch.
This is generally caused by an unstable connection while the game is attempting to patch. If it persists, download the latest patch here.
Error P02: An error occurred while trying to install a patch.
This is most often caused by something reading Freelancer's files, like FLStat, FLCompanion, or Freelancer itself. However, it can be caused by permissions or UAC. Ensure anything that could be interfering with it is closed and the program has the proper permissions. If it persists, use the above link for error code P01.
Error P03: An error occurred while trying to update the Discovery Launcher.
This means DSSelfPatch.exe is not in the same folder as the launcher, or has been renamed. The error means the Launcher cannot find it. You'll probably need to reinstall if this happens.
Error Unknown: Unknown.
This is a back up case in case stuff goes well and truly wrong. Make a post with the exception information if you get this.