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1. Why Did Primates Emerge?
a. Theories
of
primate
evolution
i.
Arboreal hypothesis
(1)
Smith and Jones
(2)
Primate traits such as grasping hands and binocular vision
were adaptations to life in the trees.
(3)
Moving from the g
round to the trees caused selective
pressures that resulted in the ancestral primate.
ii. Visual
predation
hypothesis
(1)
Challenges arboreal no
tion: many mammals are arboreal
without having evolved primate traits.
(2)
Matt Cartmill proposed that primate
traits evolved in
response to preying on insects and other small creatures.
(3)
The exploitation of small prey resulted in the primate suite
of adaptations.
(4) However, this visual predation hypothesis does not
explain fruit
eating primates.
iii,
Angiosperm radiation hypothesis
(1) Randall Sussman proposed that primate traits were a
response to the development of fruit
bearing angiosperm
plants.
2.
The First True Primate: Visual, Tree
Dwelling, Agile, Smart
a. PrimatesinthePaleocene?
i. Paleo
cene
fossils
a
possible
candidate
for
the
early
primate ancestor
ii. Plesiadapiforms
(1)
Found in western North America, western Europe, Asia,
and
possibly Africa
(2)
Lack postorbital bar and other primate traits
(3)
Possibly a separate order, but still
potentially related to
primates
b. Eocene
Euprimates:
The
First
True
Primates
i. First
true
primates
(euprimates)
in
Eocene
epoch,
as
early
as 55 mya
ii. Clear
primate
traits,
including
post
orbital
bar,
large
brain
relative
to body size
iii.
Adapids and
omomyids
(1)
Notharctus
(2)
Adapis
(3)
Widely diverse species, most with small body size
(4)
May have evolved from proprimates in Paleocene
(5)
Evolution occurred in period of global warming
3.
Evolution of the Euprimates
a. The
Anthropoid
Ancestor:
Euprimate
Contenders
i. There
is
debate
among
scientists
as
to
the
ancestors
of
living
primates.