No, a single hit with enough damage will not destroy a shield and ship. If there was enough damage, it would only put your shield down, yet not destroy your ship. In order to get killed full shield and full health with one mine, you must have had your shield taken down before the mine hit. Hope this helps!
-ustick
Even without shields, a au8 marader has 19,750 hull, and a nuclear mine does 17,000 damage, so unless it measures damage compartmentaly, like some vanilla ships do/did, you won't die to just one hit at full hull